Vink, Jorick ; Oudmaijer, René

published in Galaxies, 13 issue 2, pp. 19 (2025)

Abstract: Using Gaia DR3 we derive new distances and luminosities for a sample of Galactic B supergiants which were thought to be post main-sequence (MS) objects from their HR diagram location beyond the terminal-age MS (TAMS). When applying the newer Gaia distances in addition to enhanced amounts of core-boundary mixing, aka convective overshooting, we show that these Galactic B supergiants are likely enclosed within the MS band, indicating an evolutionary stage of steady core hydrogen burning. We discuss the importance of considering enhanced overshooting and how vectors in the mass-luminosity plane (ML-plane) can be used to disentangle the effects of wind mass loss from interior mixing. We finish with the key message that any proposed solution to the BSG problem should consider not only an explanation for the sheer number of B supergiants inside the Hertzsprung gap, but should at the same time also account for the steep drop in rotation rates identified at spectral type B1—corresponding to an effective temperature of ∼21 kK, and for which two distinct families of solutions have been proposed.

Keyword(s): massive stars ; stellar evolution ; blue supergiants ; red supergiants ; blue supergiant problem ; stellar winds ; convection
DOI: 10.3390/galaxies13020019
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