000004267 001__ 4267 000004267 005__ 20200219191807.0 000004267 0247_ $$2DOI$$ahttps://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2019033 000004267 037__ $$aSCART-2019-0192 000004267 100__ $$aOpgenoorth, H. 000004267 245__ $$aEuropean Space Weather Activities: Assessment and Recommendations for a Consolidated European Approach to Space Weather – as Part of a Global Space Weather Effort 000004267 260__ $$c2019 000004267 500__ $$aswsc190036 000004267 520__ $$aOver the last 10-20 years there has been an ever-increasing international awareness of risks to modern society from adverse and potentially harmful – and in extreme cases even disastrous – space weather events. Many individual countries and even international organisations like the United Nations (UN) have begun to increase their activities in preparing for and mitigating effects of adverse space weather. As in the rest of the world there is also in Europe an urgent need for coordination of Space Weather efforts in individual countries as well as in and among European organisations such as the European Space Agency (ESA) and the European Union (EU). This coordination should not only improve our ability to meet space weather risks, but also enable Europe to contribute to on-going global space weather efforts. While space weather is a global threat which needs a global response it also requires tailored regional and trans-regional responses that require coordination at all levels. Commissioned by the European Space Science Committee (ESSC) of the European Science Foundation, the authors - together with ex-officio advise from ESA and the EU - have over two years assessed European activities in the realm of space weather and formulated a set of recommendations to ESA, EU and their respective member states, about how to prepare Europe for the increasing impact of adverse space weather effects on man-mad infrastructure and our society as a whole. We have also analysed parallel international activities worldwide, and we give advice how Europe could incorporate its future activities into a global scheme. 000004267 594__ $$aSTCE 000004267 6531_ $$aSpace Weather 000004267 700__ $$aWimmer-Schweingruber, R. 000004267 700__ $$aBelehaki, A. 000004267 700__ $$aBerghmans, D. 000004267 700__ $$aHapgood, M. 000004267 700__ $$aHesse, M. 000004267 700__ $$aKauristie, K. 000004267 700__ $$aLester, M. 000004267 700__ $$aLilensten, J. 000004267 700__ $$aMesserotti, M. 000004267 700__ $$aTemmer, M. 000004267 773__ $$cA37$$pJournal of Space Weather and Space Climate$$v9 000004267 8560_ $$fdavid.berghmans@observatoire.be 000004267 85642 $$ahttps://www.swsc-journal.org/articles/swsc/pdf/2019/01/swsc190036.pdf 000004267 905__ $$apublished in 000004267 980__ $$aREFERD